Set up a High Availability etcd cluster with kubeadm

Note: While kubeadm is being used as the management tool for external etcd nodes in this guide, please note that kubeadm does not plan to support certificate rotation or upgrades for such nodes. The long term plan is to empower the tool etcdadm to manage these aspects.

By default, kubeadm runs a local etcd instance on each control plane node. It is also possible to treat the etcd cluster as external and provision etcd instances on separate hosts. The differences between the two approaches are covered in the [Options for Highly Available topology][/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/ha-topology] page. This task walks through the process of creating a high availability external etcd cluster of three members that can be used by kubeadm during cluster creation.

Before you begin

Three hosts that can talk to each other over TCP ports 2379 and 2380. This document assumes these default ports. However, they are configurable through the kubeadm config file.
Each host must have systemd and a bash compatible shell installed.
Each host must have a container runtime, kubelet, and kubeadm installed.
Each host should have access to the Kubernetes container image registry (k8s.gcr.io) or list/pull the required etcd image using kubeadm config images list/pull. This guide will setup etcd instances as static pods managed by a kubelet.
Some infrastructure to copy files between hosts. For example ssh and scp can satisfy this requirement.

Setting up the cluster

The general approach is to generate all certs on one node and only distribute the necessary files to the other nodes.

Note: kubeadm contains all the necessary crytographic machinery to generate the certificates described below; no other cryptographic tooling is required for this example.

Note: The examples below use IPv4 addresses but you can also configure kubeadm, the kubelet and etcd to use IPv6 addresses. Dual-stack is supported by some Kubernetes options, but not by etcd. For more details on Kubernetes dual-stack support see Dual-stack support with kubeadm.

Configure the kubelet to be a service manager for etcd.

Note: You must do this on every host where etcd should be running.

Since etcd was created first, you must override the service priority by creating a new unit file that has higher precedence than the kubeadm-provided kubelet unit file.

cat << EOF > /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/20-etcd-service-manager.conf
[Service]
ExecStart=
# Replace "systemd" with the cgroup driver of your container runtime. The default value in the kubelet is "cgroupfs".
# Replace the value of "--container-runtime-endpoint" for a different container runtime if needed.
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet --address=127.0.0.1 --pod-manifest-path=/etc/kubernetes/manifests --cgroup-driver=systemd --container-runtime=remote --container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock
Restart=always
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet

Check the kubelet status to ensure it is running.

systemctl status kubelet

Create configuration files for kubeadm.

Generate one kubeadm configuration file for each host that will have an etcd member running on it using the following script.

# Update HOST0, HOST1 and HOST2 with the IPs of your hosts
export HOST0=10.0.0.6
export HOST1=10.0.0.7
export HOST2=10.0.0.8

# Update NAME0, NAME1 and NAME2 with the hostnames of your hosts
export NAME0="infra0"
export NAME1="infra1"
export NAME2="infra2"

# Create temp directories to store files that will end up on other hosts.
mkdir -p /tmp/${HOST0}/ /tmp/${HOST1}/ /tmp/${HOST2}/

HOSTS=(${HOST0} ${HOST1} ${HOST2})
NAMES=(${NAME0} ${NAME1} ${NAME2})

for i in "${!HOSTS[@]}"; do
HOST=${HOSTS[$i]}
NAME=${NAMES[$i]}
cat << EOF > /tmp/${HOST}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
---
apiVersion: "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3"
kind: InitConfiguration
nodeRegistration:
    name: ${NAME}
localAPIEndpoint:
    advertiseAddress: ${HOST}
---
apiVersion: "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3"
kind: ClusterConfiguration
etcd:
    local:
        serverCertSANs:
        - "${HOST}"
        peerCertSANs:
        - "${HOST}"
        extraArgs:
            initial-cluster: ${NAMES[0]}=https://${HOSTS[0]}:2380,${NAMES[1]}=https://${HOSTS[1]}:2380,${NAMES[2]}=https://${HOSTS[2]}:2380
            initial-cluster-state: new
            name: ${NAME}
            listen-peer-urls: https://${HOST}:2380
            listen-client-urls: https://${HOST}:2379
            advertise-client-urls: https://${HOST}:2379
            initial-advertise-peer-urls: https://${HOST}:2380
EOF
done

Generate the certificate authority

If you already have a CA then the only action that is copying the CA's crt and key file to /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt and /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key. After those files have been copied, proceed to the next step, "Create certificates for each member".

If you do not already have a CA then run this command on $HOST0 (where you generated the configuration files for kubeadm).
```
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca
```
This creates two files
- /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
- /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key

Create certificates for each member

kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
cp -R /etc/kubernetes/pki /tmp/${HOST2}/
# cleanup non-reusable certificates
find /etc/kubernetes/pki -not -name ca.crt -not -name ca.key -type f -delete

kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
cp -R /etc/kubernetes/pki /tmp/${HOST1}/
find /etc/kubernetes/pki -not -name ca.crt -not -name ca.key -type f -delete

kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-healthcheck-client --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
kubeadm init phase certs apiserver-etcd-client --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
# No need to move the certs because they are for HOST0

# clean up certs that should not be copied off this host
find /tmp/${HOST2} -name ca.key -type f -delete
find /tmp/${HOST1} -name ca.key -type f -delete

Copy certificates and kubeadm configs

The certificates have been generated and now they must be moved to their respective hosts.

USER=ubuntu
HOST=${HOST1}
scp -r /tmp/${HOST}/* ${USER}@${HOST}:
ssh ${USER}@${HOST}
USER@HOST $ sudo -Es
root@HOST $ chown -R root:root pki
root@HOST $ mv pki /etc/kubernetes/

Ensure all expected files exist

The complete list of required files on $HOST0 is:

/tmp/${HOST0}
└── kubeadmcfg.yaml
---
/etc/kubernetes/pki
├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
└── etcd
    ├── ca.crt
    ├── ca.key
    ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    ├── healthcheck-client.key
    ├── peer.crt
    ├── peer.key
    ├── server.crt
    └── server.key

On $HOST1:

$HOME
└── kubeadmcfg.yaml
---
/etc/kubernetes/pki
├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
└── etcd
    ├── ca.crt
    ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    ├── healthcheck-client.key
    ├── peer.crt
    ├── peer.key
    ├── server.crt
    └── server.key

On $HOST2

$HOME
└── kubeadmcfg.yaml
---
/etc/kubernetes/pki
├── apiserver-etcd-client.crt
├── apiserver-etcd-client.key
└── etcd
    ├── ca.crt
    ├── healthcheck-client.crt
    ├── healthcheck-client.key
    ├── peer.crt
    ├── peer.key
    ├── server.crt
    └── server.key

Create the static pod manifests

Now that the certificates and configs are in place it's time to create the manifests. On each host run the kubeadm command to generate a static manifest for etcd.

root@HOST0 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/tmp/${HOST0}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
root@HOST1 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/tmp/${HOST1}/kubeadmcfg.yaml
root@HOST2 $ kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=/tmp/${HOST2}/kubeadmcfg.yaml

Optional: Check the cluster health

docker run --rm -it \
--net host \
-v /etc/kubernetes:/etc/kubernetes k8s.gcr.io/etcd:${ETCD_TAG} etcdctl \
--cert /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.crt \
--key /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.key \
--cacert /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \
--endpoints https://${HOST0}:2379 endpoint health --cluster
...
https://[HOST0 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 16.283339ms
https://[HOST1 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 19.44402ms
https://[HOST2 IP]:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 35.926451ms

Set ${ETCD_TAG} to the version tag of your etcd image. For example 3.4.3-0. To see the etcd image and tag that kubeadm uses execute kubeadm config images list --kubernetes-version ${K8S_VERSION}, where ${K8S_VERSION} is for example v1.17.0
Set ${HOST0}to the IP address of the host you are testing.

What's next

Once you have a working 3 member etcd cluster, you can continue setting up a highly available control plane using the external etcd method with kubeadm.

Last modified January 11, 2022 at 3:48 PM PST : kubeadm: update HA etcd guide for clarity and fix an issue (0acf0e98e)

Set up a High Availability etcd cluster with kubeadm

Before you begin

Setting up the cluster

What's next

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